The data presented are based on the 2024 Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA). A detailed description of the methodology can be found in

Olderbak, S., Hollweck, R., Krowartz, E.-M., Möckl, J., & Hoch, E. (2025). Psychoactive substance use in Germany: Findings from the Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA) in 2024 [Konsum psychoaktiver Substanzen in Deutschland - Ergebnisse des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (ESA) 2024]. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 122, 625–631. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2025.0157 (open access).

Below are figures illustrating key findings from the 2024 Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse.